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Table of Contents
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
Preface
1
What Is Chemistry?
1.1
Some Basic Definitions
1.2
Chemistry as a Science
1.3
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2
Measurements
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2.1
Expressing Numbers
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2.2
Expressing Units
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2.3
Significant Figures
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2.4
Converting Units
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2.5
Other Units: Temperature and Density
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2.6
End-of-Chapter Material
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3
Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
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3.1
Atomic Theory
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3.2
Molecules and Chemical Nomenclature
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3.3
Masses of Atoms and Molecules
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3.4
Ions and Ionic Compounds
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3.5
Acids
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3.6
End-of-Chapter Material
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4
Chemical Reactions and Equations
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4.1
The Chemical Equation
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4.2
Types of Chemical Reactions: Single- and Double-Displacement Reactions
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4.3
Ionic Equations: A Closer Look
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4.4
Composition, Decomposition, and Combustion Reactions
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4.5
Neutralization Reactions
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4.6
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
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4.7
End-of-Chapter Material
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5
Stoichiometry and the Mole
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5.1
Stoichiometry
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5.2
The Mole
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5.3
The Mole in Chemical Reactions
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5.4
Mole-Mass and Mass-Mass Calculations
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5.5
Yields
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5.6
Limiting Reagents
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5.7
End-of-Chapter Material
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6
Gases
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6.1
Kinetic Theory of Gases
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6.2
Pressure
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6.3
Gas Laws
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6.4
Other Gas Laws
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6.5
The Ideal Gas Law and Some Applications
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6.6
Gas Mixtures
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6.7
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7
Energy and Chemistry
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7.1
Energy
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7.2
Work and Heat
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7.3
Enthalpy and Chemical Reactions
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7.4
Stoichiometry Calculations Using Enthalpy
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7.5
Hess’s Law
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7.6
Formation Reactions
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7.7
End-of-Chapter Material
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8
Electronic Structure
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8.1
Light
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8.2
Quantum Numbers for Electrons
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8.3
Organization of Electrons in Atoms
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8.4
Electronic Structure and the Periodic Table
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8.5
Periodic Trends
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8.6
End-of-Chapter Material
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9
Chemical Bonds
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9.1
Lewis Electron Dot Diagrams
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9.2
Electron Transfer: Ionic Bonds
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9.3
Covalent Bonds
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9.4
Other Aspects of Covalent Bonds
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9.5
Violations of the Octet Rule
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9.6
Molecular Shapes
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9.7
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10
Solids and Liquids
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10.1
Intermolecular Forces
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10.2
Phase Transitions: Melting, Boiling, and Subliming
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10.3
Properties of Liquids
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10.4
Solids
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10.5
End-of-Chapter Material
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11
Solutions
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11.1
Some Definitions
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11.2
Quantitative Units of Concentration
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11.3
Dilutions and Concentrations
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11.4
Concentrations as Conversion Factors
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11.5
Colligative Properties of Solutions
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11.6
Colligative Properties of Ionic Solutes
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11.7
End-of-Chapter Material
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12
Acids and Bases
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12.1
Arrhenius Acids and Bases
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12.2
Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
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12.3
Acid-Base Titrations
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12.4
Strong vs. Weak Acids and Bases and Their Salts
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12.5
Autoionization of Water
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12.6
The pH Scale
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12.7
Buffers
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12.8
End-of-Chapter Material
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13
Chemical Equilibrium
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13.1
Chemical Equilibrium
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13.2
The Equilibrium Constant
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13.3
Shifting Equilibria: Le Chatelier’s Principle
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13.4
Calculating Equilibrium Constant Values
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13.5
Some Special Types of Equilibria
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13.6
End-of-Chapter Material
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14
Oxidation and Reduction
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14.1
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
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14.2
Balancing Redox Reactions
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14.3
Applications of Redox Reactions: Voltaic Cells
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14.4
Electrolysis
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14.5
End-of-Chapter Material
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15
Nuclear Chemistry
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15.1
Radioactivity
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15.2
Half-Life
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15.3
Units of Radioactivity
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15.4
Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
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15.5
Nuclear Energy
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15.6
End-of-Chapter Material
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16
Organic Chemistry: Alkanes and Halogenated Hydrocarbons
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16.1
Organic Chemistry
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16.2
Structures and Names of Alkanes
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16.3
Branched-Chain Alkanes
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16.4
Condensed Structural and Skeletal Formulas
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16.5
IUPAC Nomenclature
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16.6
Physical Properties of Alkanes
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16.7
Chemical Properties of Alkanes
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16.8
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
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16.9
Cycloalkanes
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16.10
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17
Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
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17.1
Alkenes: Structures and Names
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17.2
Cis-Trans Isomers (Geometric Isomers)
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17.3
Physical Properties of Alkenes
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17.4
Chemical Properties of Alkenes
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17.5
Polymers
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17.6
Alkynes
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17.7
Aromatic Compounds: Benzene
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17.8
Structure and Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds
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17.9
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18
Organic Compounds of Oxygen
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18.1
Organic Compounds with Functional Groups
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18.2
Alcohols: Nomenclature and Classification
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18.3
Physical Properties of Alcohols
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18.4
Reactions That Form Alcohols
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18.5
Reactions of Alcohols
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18.6
Glycols and Glycerol
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18.7
Phenols
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18.8
Ethers
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18.9
Aldehydes and Ketones: Structure and Names
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18.10
Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
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18.11
Organic Sulfur Compounds
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18.12
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19
Organic Acids and Bases and Some of Their Derivatives
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19.1
Functional Groups of the Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
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19.2
Carboxylic Acids: Structures and Names
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19.3
The Formation of Carboxylic Acids
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19.4
Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
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19.5
Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids: Ionization and Neutralization
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19.6
Esters: Structures and Names
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19.7
Physical Properties of Esters
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19.8
Preparation of Esters
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19.9
Hydrolysis of Esters
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19.10
Amines: Structures and Names
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19.11
Physical Properties of Amines
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19.12
Amines as Bases
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19.13
Amides: Structures and Names
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19.14
Physical Properties of Amides
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19.15
Chemical Properties of Amides: Hydrolysis
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19.16
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20
Carbohydrates
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20.1
Carbohydrates
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20.2
Classes of Monosaccharides
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20.3
Important Hexoses
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20.4
Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides
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20.5
Properties of Monosaccharides
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20.6
Disaccharides
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20.7
Polysaccharides
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20.8
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21
Lipids
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21.1
Fatty Acids
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21.2
Fats and Oils
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21.3
Membranes and Membrane Lipids
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21.4
Steroids
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21.5
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22
Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
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22.1
Properties of Amino Acids
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22.2
Reactions of Amino Acids
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22.3
Peptides
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22.4
Proteins
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22.5
Enzymes
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22.6
Enzyme Activity
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22.7
Enzyme Inhibition
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22.8
Enzyme Cofactors and Vitamins
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22.9
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23
Nucleic Acids
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23.1
Nucleotides
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23.2
Nucleic Acid Structure
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23.3
Replication and Expression of Genetic Information
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23.4
Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code
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23.5
Mutations and Genetic Diseases
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23.6
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24
Energy Metabolism
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24.1
ATP—the Universal Energy Currency
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24.2
Stage I of Catabolism
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24.3
Overview of Stage II of Catabolism
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24.4
Stage III of Catabolism
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24.5
Stage II of Carbohydrate Catabolism
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24.6
Stage II of Lipid Catabolism
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24.7
Stage II of Protein Catabolism
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24.8
End-of-Chapter Material
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A
Periodic Table of the Elements
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