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Current
Table of Contents
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
Preface
1
The Central Idea
1.1
Scarcity and Choice for Individuals
1.2
Scarcity and Choice for the Economy as a Whole
1.3
Market Economies and the Price System
1.4
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2
Observing and Explaining the Economy
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2.1
Why Has Driving Shifted into Reverse?
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2.2
Variables, Correlation, and Causation
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2.3
Recommending Appropriate Policies
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2.4
End-of-Chapter Material
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2.5
Appendix: Reading, Understanding, and Creating Graphs
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3
The Supply and Demand Model
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3.1
Demand
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3.2
Supply
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3.3
Market Equilibrium: Combining Supply and Demand
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3.4
End-of-Chapter Material
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4
Subtleties of the Supply and Demand Model
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4.1
Interference with Market Prices
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4.2
Elasticity of Demand
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4.3
Working with Demand Elasticities
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4.4
Elasticity of Supply
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4.5
End-of-Chapter Material
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5
Macroeconomics: The Big Picture
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5.1
Measuring the “Size” of an Economy
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5.2
Unemployment, Inflation, and Interest Rates
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5.3
Macroeconomic Theory and Policy
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5.4
End-of-Chapter Material
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5.5
Appendix: The Miracle of Compound Growth
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6
Measuring the Production, Income, and Spending of Nations
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6.1
Measuring GDP
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6.2
Saving
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6.3
Measuring Real GDP
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6.4
Shortcomings of the GDP Measure
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6.5
End-of-Chapter Material
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7
The Spending Allocation Model
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7.1
The Spending Shares
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7.2
The Effect of Interest Rates on Spending Shares
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7.3
Determining the Equilibrium Interest Rate
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7.4
The Relationship between Saving and Investment
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7.5
End-of-Chapter Material
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8
Unemployment and Employment
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8.1
Unemployment and Other Labor Market Indicators
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8.2
The Nature of Unemployment
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8.3
Modeling the Labor Market
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8.4
End-of-Chapter Material
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9
Productivity and Economic Growth
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9.1
Labor and Capital without Technology
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9.2
Technology: The Engine of Growth
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9.3
Fundamental Causes of Economic Growth
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9.4
Measuring Technology
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9.5
Technology Policy
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9.6
End-of-Chapter Material
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9.7
Appendix: Deriving the Growth Accounting Formula
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10
Money and Inflation
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10.1
What Is Money?
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10.2
The Fed, the Banks, and the Link from Reserves to Deposits
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10.3
Money Growth and Inflation
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10.4
End-of-Chapter Material
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11
The Nature and Causes of Economic Fluctuations
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11.1
Changes in Aggregate Demand Lead to Changes in Production
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11.2
Forecasting Real GDP
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11.3
The Response of Consumption to Income
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11.4
Finding Real GDP When Consumption and Income Move Together
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11.5
Spending Balance and Departures of Real GDP from Potential GDP
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11.6
End-of-Chapter Material
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11.7
Appendix: Deriving the Formula for the Keynesian Multiplier and the Forward-Looking Consumption Model
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12
The Economic Fluctuations Model
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12.1
The Aggregate Demand Curve
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12.2
The Inflation Adjustment Line
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12.3
Combining the Aggregate Demand Curve and the Inflation Adjustment Line
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12.4
End-of-Chapter Material
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13
Using the Economic Fluctuations Model
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13.1
Changes in Government Purchases
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13.2
Changes in Monetary Policy
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13.3
Price Shocks
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13.4
Using the Economic Fluctuations Model to Understand the Great Recession
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13.5
Using the Economic Fluctuations Model to Understand the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Macroeconomy
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13.6
End-of-Chapter Material
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14
Fiscal Policy
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14.1
The Government Budget
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14.2
Countercyclical Fiscal Policy
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14.3
The Structural versus the Cyclical Surplus
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14.4
End-of-Chapter Material
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15
Monetary Policy
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15.1
The Federal Reserve’s Balance Sheet
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15.2
Money Demand and Zero Interest Rate
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15.3
When the Interest Rate Hits Zero
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15.4
The Economic Fluctuations Model
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15.5
Central Bank Independence
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15.6
The Exchange Rate
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15.7
End-of-Chapter Material
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16
Capital and Financial Markets
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16.1
The Distinction between Physical Capital and Financial Capital
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16.2
Markets for Physical Capital
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16.3
Markets for Financial Capital
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16.4
The Trade-off between Risk and Returns
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16.5
Corporate Governance Problems
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16.6
The Role of Government in Financial Markets
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16.7
End-of-Chapter Material
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16.8
Appendix: Present Discounted Value
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17
Economic Growth Around the World
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17.1
Catching Up (or Not?)
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17.2
Economic Development
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17.3
The Spread and Use of Technology
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17.4
Increasing Capital per Worker
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17.5
End-of-Chapter Material
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18
International Trade
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18.1
Trends in International Trade
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18.2
Comparative Advantage
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18.3
Reasons for Comparative Advantage
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18.4
Gains from Expanded Markets
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18.5
Tariffs and Quotas
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18.6
The History of Trade Restrictions
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18.7
Arguments for Trade Barriers
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18.8
How to Reduce Trade Barriers
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18.9
End-of-Chapter Material
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19
International Finance
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19.1
Exchange Rates
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19.2
Exchange Rate Determination
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19.3
Fixed Exchange Rates
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19.4
Currency Unions
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19.5
End-of-Chapter Material
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